Sand. Made up of 25 percent silicon, is, after oxygen, the second most abundant chemical element that™s in the earth™s crust. Sand, especially quartz, has high percentages of silicon in the form of silicon dioxide (SiO2) and is the base ingredient for semiconductor manufacturing.

After procuring raw sand and separating the silicon, the excess material is disposed of and the silicon is purified in multiple steps to finally reach semiconductor manufacturing quality which is called electronic grade silicon. The resulting purity is so great that electronic grade silicon may only have one alien atom for every one billion silicon atoms. After the purification process, the silicon enters the melting phase. In this picture you can see how one big crystal is grown from the purified silicon melt. The resulting mono-crystal is called an ingot.

A mono-crystal ingot is produced from electronic grade silicon. One ingot weighs approximately 100 kilograms (or 220 pounds) and has a silicon purity of 99.9999 percent.

The ingot is then moved onto the slicing phase where individual silicon discs, called wafers, are sliced thin. Some ingots can stand higher than five feet. Several different diameters of ingots exist depending on the required wafer size. Today, CPUs are commonly made on 300 mm wafers.

Once cut, the wafers are polished until they have flawless, mirror-smooth surfaces. Intel doesn™t produce its own ingots and wafers, and instead purchases manufacturing-ready wafers from third-party companies. Intel™s advanced 45 nmHigh-K/Metal Gate process uses wafers with a diameter of 300 mm (or 12-inches). When Intel first began making chips, it printed circuits on 50 mm (2-inches) wafers. These days, Intel uses 300 mm wafers, resulting in decreased costs per chip.

The blue liquid, depicted above, is a photo resist finish similar to those used in film for photography. The wafer spins during this step to allow an evenly-distributed coating that™s smooth and also very thin.

At this stage, the photo-resistant finish is exposed to ultra violet (UV) light. The chemical reaction triggered by the UV light is similar to what happens to film material in a camera the moment you press the shutter button.
Areas of the resist on the wafer that have been exposed to UV light will become soluble. The exposure is done using masks that act like stencils. When used with UV light, masks create the various circuit patterns. The building of a CPU essentially repeats this process over and over until multiple layers are stacked on top of each other.
A lens (middle) reduces the mask™s image to a small focal point. The resulting œprint on the wafer is typically four times smaller, linearly, than the mask™s pattern.

In the picture we have a representation of what a single transistor would appear like if we could see it with the naked eye. A transistor acts as a switch, controlling the flow of electrical current in a computer chip. Intel researchers have developed transistors so small that they claim roughly 30 million of them could fit on the head of a pin..

After being exposed to UV light, the exposed blue photo resist areas are completely dissolved by a solvent. This reveals a pattern of photo resist made by the mask. The beginnings of transistors, interconnects, and other electrical contacts begin to grow from this point.

The photo resist layer protects wafer material that should not be etched away. Areas that were exposed will be etched away with chemicals.

After the etching, the photo resist is removed and the desired shape becomes visible.

More photo resist (blue) is applied and then re-exposed to UV light. Exposed photo resist is then washed off again before the next step, which is called ion doping. This is the step where ion particles are exposed to the wafer, allowing the silicon to change its chemical properties in a way that allows the CPU to control the flow of electricity..

Through a process called ion implantation (one form of a process called doping) the exposed areas of the silicon wafer are bombarded with ions. Ions are implanted in the silicon wafer to alter the way silicon in these areas conduct electricity. Ions are propelled onto the surface of the wafer at very high velocities. An electrical field accelerates the ions to a speed of over 300,000 km/hour (roughly 185,000 mph)

After the ion implantation, the photo resist will be removed and the material that should have been doped (green) now has alien atoms implanted.

This transistor is close to being finished. Three holes have been etched into the insulation layer (magenta color) above the transistor. These three holes will be filled with copper, which will make up the connections to other transistors.

The wafers are put into a copper sulphate solution at this stage. Copper ions are deposited onto the transistor through a process called electroplating. The copper ions travel from the positive terminal (anode) to the negative terminal (cathode) which is represented by the wafer.

The copper ions settle as a thin layer on the wafer surface.

The excess material is polished off leaving a very thin layer of copper.

Multiple metal layers are created to interconnects (think wires) in between the various transistors. How these connections have to be œwired is determined by the architecture and design teams that develop the functionality of the respective processor (for example, Intel™s Core i7 processor). While computer chips look extremely flat, they may actually have over 20 layers to form complex circuitry. If you look at a magnified view of a chip, you will see an intricate network of circuit lines and transistors that look like a futuristic, multi-layered highway system.

This fraction of a ready wafer is being put through a first functionality test. In this stage test patterns are fed into every single chip and the response from the chip monitored and compared to œthe right answer.

After tests determine that the wafer has a good yield of functioning processor units, the wafer is cut into pieces (called dies).

The dies that responded with the right answer to the test pattern will be put forward for the next step (packaging). Bad dies are discarded. Several years ago, Intel made key chains out of bad CPU dies.

This is an individual die, which has been cut out in the previous step (slicing). The die shown here is a die of an Intel Core i7 processor.

The substrate, the die, and the heatspreader are put together to form a completed processor. The green substrate builds the electrical and mechanical interface for the processor to interact with the rest of the PC system. The silver heatspreader is a thermal interface where a cooling solution will be applied. This will keep the processor cool during operation.

A microprocessor is the most complex manufactured product on earth. In fact, it takes hundreds of steps and only the most important ones have been visualized in this picture story.

During this final test the processors will be tested for their key characteristics (among the tested characteristics are power dissipation and maximum frequency).

Based on the test result of class testing processors with the same capabilities are put into the same transporting trays. This process is called œbinning. Binning determines the maximum operating frequency of a processor, and batches are divided and sold according to stable specifications.

The manufactured and tested processors (again Intel Core i7 processor is shown here) either go to system manufacturers in trays or into retail stores in a box. Many thanks to Intel for supplying the text and photos in this picture story. or full size images of this entire process.

Compare the two flames in figures A and B for 2 minutes. Please note your reading mentallywith regards to which figure you prefer

what is your answer on this and what’s the reason?

Answer

One feels better looking at the lamp as opposed to the candle.

The Spiritual science behind the experiment

Note: In order to understand this explanation, it is recommended that you read the article on the three subtle basic components.

The pleasant or unpleasant effect in the subtle dimension of any object depends on the proportion ofsattva, raja and tama components in that object.

The frequencies, which are emitted by the wick of the candle or the lamp, depend on proportions ofsattva, raja and tama of the fuel that is used for the candle or the lamp.

In the case of a candle the fuel is generally paraffin wax (which is a by-product of petroleum), which is primarily tama-raja predominant and hence it emits tama and raja-tama frequencies. As a result, it also attracts similar frequencies from the environment. This does not have a beneficial effect on the immediate environment and is least conducive to attract any divine principle.

India is a country that is culturally so rich that it celebrates one or the other festival almost every month. And most of these festivals have their origin in Indian Mythology and there is very interesting stories about them. It is the spiritual and religious richness in India that each festival is related to some or other deity. One of such festivals is the ‘festival of lights’, Deepawali. Dipavali is the Indian festival that brings a series of festivals with it. One after another it gives a chance to celebrate five festivals together.

Return of Shri Ram Chandra to Ayodhyaa

The most famous legend behind the celebrations of diwali is about the prince of Ayodhya Nagri, Lord Shri Ram Chandra. The story goes like the king of Lanka, Ravan kidnapped Ram Chandra’s wife, Sita from the jungle where they were staying as per the instructions of King Dashratha, father of Ram Chandra. Then Ram Chandra attacked Lanka and killed Ravan and released Sita from imprisonment. He returned to Ayodhyaa with his wife Sita and younger brother Lakshamana after fourteen years. Therefore the people of Ayodhyaa decorated their homes as well as the city of Ayodhyaa by lighting tiny diyas all over in order to welcome their beloved prince Shri Ram Chandra and Devi Sita.

Incarnation of Goddess Lakshmi

On the auspicious new moon day, which is ‘Amavasyaa’ of the Hindi month of Kartik the Goddess of wealth and prosperity, Lakshmi was incarnated. She appeared during the churning of the ocean, which is known as ‘Samudra Manthan’, by the demons on one side and ‘Devataas’ on the other side. Therefore the worship of Goddess Lakshmi, the Lakshmi Pujan, on the day of Divali became a tradition.

Lord Krishna Destroyed Demon Narakasur

One famous story behind the celebrations of Diwali is about the demon king Narakasur who was ruler of Pragjyotishpur, a province to the South of Nepal. During a war he defeated Lord Indra and snatched away the magnificent earrings of Mother Goddess Aditi who was not only the ruler of Suraloka but also a relative of Lord Krishna’s wife, Satyabhama. Narakasur also imprisoned sixteen thousand daughters of Gods and saints in his harem. With the support of Lord Krishna Satyabhama defeated Narakasur and released all the women from his harem and also restored the magnificent earrings of Mother Goddess Aditi.

The Return of the Pandavas

The great Hindu epic ‘Mahabharata’ has another interesting story related to the ‘Kartik Amavasyaa’. The story reads that ‘the Pandavas’, the five brothers Yudhishthhira, Bhima, Arjuna, Nakula and Sahdeva, were sentenced thirteen years banishment as a result of their defeat against ‘the Kauravas’, Duryodhana and his ninety nine brothers, at the game of dice. Therefore they spent thirteen years in the jungles and returned to their kingdom on the day of ‘Kartik Amavasyaa’. On their return the people of their kingdom welcomed the Pandavas by celebrating the event by lighting the earthen lamps all over in their city.

Geologists in southern India say they have found hundreds of dinosaur egg clusters which could be about 65 million years old.

It was a chance find discovered when a team of scientists were locating a place to excavate an ancient riverbed in the state of Tamil Nadu.

As they dug deeper they saw layers of what looked like fossilised eggs.

The photos and samples were then sent to various universities who confirmed that they were dinosaur eggs.

Each egg is the size of a football – about 13 to 23cm in diameter, lying buried in sandy nests.

The leader of the team, MU Ramkumar, told the BBC the finding is significant and could help to unravel the mystery about the extinction of dinosaurs.

‘Infertile’

“The important finding is that these eggs have been found in different layers that means the dinosaurs came to the place over and over year after year,” he said.
Sauropods are renowned for their size
“The second important thing is that we have got volcanic ash deposits on the eggs which suggests that volcanic activity could have caused their extinction.

“The other thing we have found is that all these eggs are unhatched and infertile. So what made the eggs infertile? We need to carry out further studies to learn more from the findings.”

Scientists believe the eggs belong to the docile leaf-eating Sauropod branch of dinosaurs. Their remains have been dug up on every continent, including Antarctica.

Palaeontologists use the term to describe large, four-legged, plant-eating dinosaurs with bulky bodies, long necks and tails and tiny heads with relatively small brains.

Dr Ramkumar and his team have called on the central and state governments to protect what they are calling a “Jurassic treasure trove”.

The presence of dinosaur eggs was first recorded in the same district by a British geologist in the 1860s. In the 1990s a dinosaur egg was found in a government-owned factory in the

Dede, now 35, baffled medical experts when warty “roots” began growing out of his arms and feet after he cut his knee in a teenage accident.

The welts spread across his body unchecked and soon he was left unable to carry out everyday household tasks.

Sacked from his job and deserted by his wife, Dede has been raising his two children – now in their late teens – in poverty, resigned to the fact that local doctors had no cure for his condition.

To make ends meet he even joined a local “freak show”, parading in front of a paying audience alongside victims of other peculiar diseases.

Although supported by his extended family, he was often a target of abuse and ridicule in his rural fishing village.

But now an American dermatology expert who flew out to Dede’s home village south of the capital Jakarta claims to have identified his condition, and proposed a treatment that could transform his life.

After testing samples of the lesions and Dede’s blood, Dr Anthony Gaspari of the University of Maryland concluded that his affliction is caused by the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), a fairly common infection that usually causes small warts to develop on sufferers.

Dede’s problem is that he has a rare genetic fault that impedes his immune system, meaning his body is unable to contain the warts.

The virus was therefore able to “hijack the cellular machinery of his skin cells”, ordering them to produce massive amounts of the substance that caused the tree-like growths known as “cutaneous horns” on his hands and feet.

Dede’s counts of a key type of white blood cell are so low that Dr Gaspari initially suspected he may have the Aids virus.

But tests showed he did not, and it became clear that Dede’s immune condition was something far rarer and more mysterious.

Warts aside, he had enjoyed remarkable good health throughout his life – which would not be expected of someone with a suppressed immune system – and neither his parents nor his siblings have shown signs of developing lesions.

“The likelihood of having his deficiency is less than one in a million,” Dr Gaspari told the Telegraph.

Dr Gaspari, who became involved in the case through a Discovery Channel documentary, believes that Dede’s condition can be largely cleared up by a daily doses of a synthetic form of Vitamin A, which has been shown to arrest the growth of warts in severe cases of HPV.

“He won’t have a perfectly normal body but the warts should reduce in size to the point where he could use his hands,” Dr Gaspari said.

“Over the course of three to six months the warts should be come smaller and fewer in number. He will be living a more normal life.”

The most resilient warts could then be frozen off and the growths on his hands and feet surgically removed.

Dr Gaspari hopes to get the necessary drugs free of charge from pharmaceutical firms. They would then be administered by Indonesian doctors under his supervision.

Still intrigued by the origins of Dede’s peculiar immune condition, the doctor would like to fly him to the United States for further examination, but fears the financial and bureaucratic barriers would prove too difficult to overcome.

“I would like to bring him to the US to run tests on where his immune condition has come from, but I would need funding and to get him a visa as well as someone to cover the costs of the tests,” he said.

“I’ve never seen anything like this in my entire career.”

“Half Man Half Tree”,  will be shown on the Discovery Channel at 9pm on Nov 15.

Year of Release : 2009
Banner : White Feather Films
Producer : Sanjay Gupta, Sanjay Dutt
Associate Producer : Rohit Roy, Manasi Joshi Roy
Executive Producer : Magic Works

Director : Sudipto Chattopadhyaya
Cast : Bipasha Basu, Maradona Robello, Daya Shankar Pandey, Ronit Roy, Mahesh Manjrekar, Lillete Dubey
Music Director : Raju Singh
Cinematographer : Somak Mukherjee
Story Writer : Sudipto Chattopadhyaya
Screenplay Writer : Sudipto Chattopadhyaya
Editor : Sanjeev Dutta
Line Producer : Parth Arora

Synopsis :
Baby Kusum is a child star, a cute little girl. In reality, Baby Kusum is a boy, masquerading as a girl. He was christened Jerry, and then named Master Jai for the movies. He and his mother Mary share a turbulent relationship. Once the boy reaches adolescence, he becomes a drug-abuser who has never been to school and spends all his time at home. As a youth, Jerry meets his dream woman, Nandini, causing another inner turmoil. Nandini is the fantasy woman who Maradona conjures up in his head-a phantom who taunts him and fights with him, an alter ego who questions his every move. Jerry is made to face the camera again as a young man, which leads to the final catastrophe.

Pankh (2009): MP3 Songs Free Download

According to a recent report in The Wall Street Journal, Pop star Michael Jackson may have had debts of up to $500 million (U.S) when he died of a reported heart attack last week, the result of bad business decisions, associated lawsuits and a lavish, often whimsical jet-setting lifestyle with an entourage of security, personal assistants and careers for his three children in the mid-1980s without the vibrant musical career to sustain it.

What made Michael Jackson rich?

• As a pop star Michael Jackson made money easily: As the King of Pop, Jackson was a billion-dollar brand creating the best selling album of all time
• In 1981, the moon-walking Michael Jackson drove the growth of music videos, vaulting cable channel MTV into the popular mainstream.
• In 1982 Michael Jackson’s hit ‘Thriller’ became the second best-selling U.S. album of all time
• Five years later, Michael Jackson’s ‘Bad’ sold 22 million copies
• In 1991, Michael Jackson signed a 65 million-dollar recording deal with Sony
• In 1986, The Walt Disney Co. opened a 3-D movie at its parks called the Captain EO
• In 1985, Michael Jackson’s 47.5 million-dollar acquisition of ATV Music was considered to be yet another of his shrewdest deals
• ATV Music owned the copyright to songs written by the Beatles’ John Lennon and Paul McCartney

What caused Michael Jackson meltdown?

•  Michael Jackson’s meltdown started to show when his parents, Joe and Katherine, filed for bankruptcy, claiming debts of $45 million and assets of around $400,000
•  ‘Michael Jackson is a ticking financial time bomb, waiting to explode at any moment,’: According to a lawsuit that sought to freeze Jackson’s Neverland assets
•  The company behind the lawsuit said it arranged $230 million in loans for Michael Jackson between 1998 and 2000, and he owes them $12 million: Michael Jackson used much of the money to refinance earlier loans
• Michael Jackson he paid for many lawsuits to steer clear of them: In 1993, Michael Jackson was accused of molesting a 13-year-old boy. He settled with the boy’s family with an undisclosed .amount
• This case encouraged more lawsuits to follow against him: As an aftermath, Michael Jackson records were not selling the way they were sold
•  In 1988 Michael Jackson spent 14.6 million dollars to purchase a 2,500-acre Neverland ranch: He built that ranch into a family zoo with animals like tigers, giraffes, orangutans, reptiles, monkeys and other exotic creatures
•  He defaulted on a $24.5 million loan backed by his famous Neverland ranch in Santa Barbara
•  Reportedly, Michael Jackson Neverland had a staff of 150,and cost $10 million a year to maintain. Among the $35 million worth of amenities Michael Jackson added were amusement park rides, a zoo, a go kart track and two separate railway lines, big enough to accommodate full-sized antique steam engines
•  Michael Jackson was planning to make it into a safari-type ranch with some of its quirky features, and then put the 2,600 acre on the estate on the market for $70 million to $90 million. It was bought in 1987 for $19.5 million
•  Michael Jackson also adopted many children and let them stay in his ranch to enjoy a fantasy life.
•  Al Khalifa, 33, claimed he gave Michael Jackson millions of dollars to help shore up his 300,000 dollars for a ‘motivational guru’ settled for an undisclosed amount
•  In 2003, Michael Jackson was arrested on charges of molesting yet another 13-year-old boy and was forced to leave his Neverland ranch and moved to a mansion rented from Ding in Beverly Hills
•  After six months, Michael Jackson stopped paying Ding rent because of the lawsuits that drove him into deep financial crisis: Three months later Jackson was asked to move out of Ding’s mansion as he failed to pay the rent
•  Although the case of child molestation ended with an acquittal, Michael Jackson hit the rock bottom of financial crisis: He spent millions in defense of the case
•  Even before his 2003 lawsuit, Jackson began to borrow large sums of money: A lawsuit filed by Union Finance & Investment Corp. sought 12 million dollars in unpaid fees and expenses
•  Michael Jackson was reportedly spending 20 million to 30 million dollars more than he earned per year brewing up a cash crisis for a long time
•  Los Angeles-based real estate investment firm Colony Capital LLC bought the loan note for $23 million and put the title into a joint venture it formed with the singer, Michael Jackson
•  Michael Jackson moved into a mansion in Beverly Hills in 2004 owned by Chinese painter Ding Shaoguang Hwen with a monthly payment of 75,000 dollars after his 14. 6 million U.S. dollars home at Neverland was sealed after being prosecuted for child molestation

Though the King went Pop with an estimated debt of 500 million dollars, his children would live to lead a lifestyle their father allowed them while he was alive.

Michael Jackson’s children will remain solvent for the following reasons:

•  As the world mourns this pop king, Michael Jackson’s songs were sold in a rage all over the world
•  According to a recent Wall Street Journal article, Michael Jackson Jackson’s most valuable assets – the music copyrights that include 251 Beatles songs and as his own compositions may well exceed his debt
•  Twenty one pieces of Michael Jackson memorabilia – including a crystal beaded shirt worn by him during his 1984 Victory tour – fetched $205,000 in Las Vegas last Friday, one day after his death.
•  The Amazon website also reported huge sales of Michael Jackson Jackson’s music after the public announcement of his death

Opportunities stolen away from Michael Jackson by his Death at a prime age of 50:

•  The other a venue with which Michael Jackson had hoped to raise significant funds was through 50 concerts at London’s O2 arena over the course of this summer. This could have netted Michael Jackson up to $50 million
•  Further successful dates in Europe, north America and Asia may have brought Michael Jackson up to $400 million, concert promoters had predicted

http://moneycentral.msn.com/content/SavingandDebt/P75072.asp?Printer

http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-06/30/content_11625764.htm

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